Almost all the galaxies in the Universe are speeding away from us because of the Big Bang and the acceleration of dark energy. One technique to measure this expansion is redshift, seeing how light is reddened over time as its wavelength stretches out. But every observation astronomers can make is a snapshot, measuring the redshift now. But an intriguing idea is to measure how the redshift changes over time as a galaxy's movement accelerates. It's called 'redshift drift' and requires an exact series of measurements over time.
Theoretical redshift drift based on the standard model. Credit: ESO / ELT Science Case
This drift is extremely small. For a galaxy 12 Billion light-years away, its apparent speed would be about 95% of the speed of light, while its drift would be just 15 cm/s each year. That’s much too small for current telescopes to observe. But when the Extremely Large Telescope starts gathering data in 2027, it should be able to observe this drift in time. Estimates are that after 5 – 10 years of precise observations, ELT should be able to see redshift drifts on the order of 5 cm/s.
The authors call this effect redshift difference. Rather than observing the redshift of a galaxy over decades, the team proposes looking for distant galaxies that are gravitationally lensed by a closer galaxy. Lots of distant galaxies are lensed by a closer galaxy between us and the distant one, but most lensed galaxies appear as a single distorted arc to the side of the foreground galaxy.But sometimes gravitational lensing can create.
This is still beyond our current ability to detect. But while we are waiting for telescopes such as the ELT to come online, we can search for distant lensed galaxies with multiple images. That way when we do have the ability to detect redshift drift, we won’t have to wait decades for the result.
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