Ten years ago they found the first new blue for two centuries
creatures with sophisticated colour vision, so the market for pigments is big—about $30bn a year. In this marketplace, however, not all colours are equal. In particular, bright reds, much desired for their attention-grabbing qualities, are tricky to make, and each of the existing options has flaws.
The perfect red has so far eluded Dr Subramanian—in part because it is hard to predict the colour of a material before you make it. Small alterations to a crystal’s structure can dramatically alter which parts of the spectrum that crystal absorbs and which it reflects. The green of emeralds and the red of rubies, for instance, are both caused by chromium atoms, but the atoms in question are bonded into their respective lattices in different ways.
A second avenue may be more promising. Many inorganic reds, including those based on cadmium, lead and mercury, are semiconductors. Dr Subramanian and his team hope to use tin—a metal in the same group of the periodic table as lead—to produce a similarly vibrant, though non-toxic, semiconductor pigment.
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