For a whopping 32 years, an earthquake crept undetected through the subsurface of the Indonesian island of Sumatra
while a Ph.D. student at CalTech. Branching corals, sea urchins, shellfish, crabs, and"an occasional unlucky fish" all lay dead or dying, exposed on nearly dry land.
Meltzner, who is now a geologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, returned to study the corals around Sumatra year after year to untangle the many records they hold. In a 2015 study, he and his colleaguesBefore 1829, the ground near the island of Simeulue sank by about one to two millimeters each year, based on the coral data. But then the rate jumped suddenly, with the land sinking up to 10 millimeters a year until the 1861 temblor ripped through the region.
In 2016, Nanyang Technological University’s Mallick turned a fresh eye on the coral data. By modeling the physics of the subduction zone and the movement of fluids along the fault, the researchers found that the rapid change was caused by a release of built-up strain—the beginning of a slow-motion earthquake.Slow earthquakes have only been recognized since the late 1990s, when they were initially spotted in the Pacific Northwest of North America and in the Nankai region off the coast of Japan.
Slow-motion quakes take on many different flavors. In Cascadia and Nankai, the slow quakes strike with remarkable regularity, stirring every
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