Archaeologists and anthropologists agree that the Neanderthals were accomplished hunters, but what was the source of their skill? How did they seize and slaughter their prey, and with what tools and techniques?
, for instance, that slaughtering a single straight-tusked elephant would’ve involved an impressive number of Neanderthals, not to mention three to five days of butchery with 25 individuals taking part in the preparation process.
), the amount of meat that the Neanderthals could collect at a single time suggests that the species prepared and preserved food for future meals. Yet, whether or not they possessed this particular skill, specialists overwhelmingly stress that the mechanisms of Neanderthal subsistence were surely much more sophisticated than once thought.
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Neanderthal Introgression Shaped Human Circadian TraitsIntroduction: When the ancestors of modern Eurasians migrated out of Africa and interbred with Eurasian archaic hominins, namely Neanderthals and Denisovans, DNA of archaic ancestry integrated into the genomes of anatomically modern humans. This process potentially accelerated adaptation to Eurasian environmental factors, including reduced ultra-violet radiation and an increased variation in seasonal dynamics. However, whether these groups differed substantially in circadian biology, and whether archaic introgression adaptively contributed to human chronotypes remains unknown. Results: Here we traced the evolution of chronotype based on genomes from archaic hominin and present-day humans. First, we inferred differences in circadian gene sequences, splicing, and regulation between archaic hominins and modern humans. We identified 28 circadian genes containing variants likely to alter splicing in archaics (e.g., CLOCK , PER2 , RORB , RORC ), and 16 circadian genes likely divergently regulated between present-day humans and archaic hominins, including RORA . These differences suggest the potential for introgression to modify circadian gene expression. Testing this hypothesis, we found that introgressed variants are enriched among eQTLs for circadian genes. Supporting the functional relevance of these regulatory effects, we found that many introgressed alleles have strong associations with chronotype. Strikingly, the strongest introgressed effects on chronotype increase morningness, which is consistent with adaptations to high latitude in other species. Finally, we identified 26 circadian loci with evidence of adaptive introgression, including PER2 and MYBBP1A . Conclusions: These findings identify differences in circadian gene regulation between modern humans and archaic hominins and support the contribution of introgression via coordinated effects on variation in human chronotype. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
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