Side effects of SARSCoV2 vaccines are often troubling but may merely reflect transient production of type I interferons, a normal immune reaction to contact with pathogens. Read more in SciImmunology:
). This finding implies that disease severity in these patients is associated with a paucity of IFN-I during the early stages of infection. In support of this notion, there is accumulating evidence that infusion of exogenous IFN-I is efficacious when given early in disease and also when administered prophylactically, especially intranasally. The important issue of whether IFN-I therapy given late in disease exacerbates pathogenesis or is merely ineffective at this stage is still unclear.
To date, we have been unable to locate direct evidence on IFN-I production after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is more than likely, however, given that other mRNA vaccines are known to be powerful inducers of IFN-I . Therefore, the key question arises of whether strong IFN-I production accounts for the side effects of COVID-19 vaccines.
The notion that effective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens are IFN-I dependent begs the question of how vaccines induce immunity. In addition to T cell receptor recognition of antigen [major histocompatibility complex –associated peptides] on DC, T cells need a “second signal” to mount a productive immune response; this signal results from contact of T cell CD28 molecules with CD80 and CD86 molecules on DC.
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