Happy birthday to one of the most deserving scientists never to win a Nobel Prize: Vera Rubin. She fundamentally changed our understanding of the universe with her dark matter research.
The two bright, large galaxies at the center of the Coma Cluster, NGC 4889 and the slightly smaller NGC 4874 , each exceed a million light years in size. But the galaxies on the outskirts, zipping around so rapidly, point to the existence of a large halo of dark matter throughout the entire cluster. The mass of the normal matter alone is insufficient to explain this bound structure.Vera Rubin was born on July 23, 1928: 91 years ago today.
Another objection is that not all of our normal matter is in the form of stars. In addition to planets, there are also gas clouds, plasmas, dust, black holes, failed stars, and many other types of matter. Who's to say that the non-luminous normal matter couldn't account for 98% of what's out there? While we may have that value well-quantified today , a Universe 100% full of normal matter wasn't ruled out in 1933.
Earth, on the other hand, is almost three times as distant as Mercury, and orbits with a much lower average speed: 30 km/s, or around 67,000 miles-per-hour. The speed of the planets continues to decrease as you move outwards, with Neptune, the slowest and outermost planet, orbiting at an average speed of only 5.4 km/s: just 12,000 miles-per-hour.
It's no surprise, then, that her conclusions — that the outer part of the galaxy had the same rotational speeds, rather than a lower one, as compared to the interior regions of the Milky Way — were widely dismissed. But the opinion of the masses of astronomers would not dissuade her. Armed with a brand new spectrograph, Vera Rubin, along with Kent Ford, sought to measure exactly how galaxies rotated.
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