The drafters of the constitution wanted radical change. Its 395 provisions ended up decreeing equal rights for all individuals
was a teenager when newly independent India adopted its constitution at the end of 1949. “It was a sacred thing, our common religion,” he says on the document’s 70th anniversary. Now a historian and based in Illinois, he sips milky chai as he recalls how the republic’s secular-minded founders sought to forge a modern, democratic country.
The biggest threat to the new order was posed by extremists who claimed to speak for the Hindu majority . The likes of Nathuram Godse, a zealot who shot dead Mr Gandhi’s grandfather, Mohandas Gandhi, called the republic’s leaders sell-outs, soft on Pakistan and needlessly concerned with the interests of non-Hindus. “India must be a Hindu land, reserved for Hindus,” wrote Vinayak Savarkar, who coined the term “Hindutva” for the politics of promoting Hindu interests above all.
Mr Khosla thinks the constitution’s endurance derived from the popular legitimacy earned by those universal rights, and from widespread trust in the rule of law. In his book on constitutions around the world, Bruce Ackerman says it helped greatly that strong, charismatic Indian leaders showed restraint by respecting the law themselves. Crucially, Nehru deferred to the authority of the courts and the constitutional process.
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