A beginner's guide to ISO in photography.
Most people learn that ISO is a measurement of their sensor’s sensitivity to light. While it might make sense to think of it that way, that understanding isn’t very accurate. In film photography, different film ISO speeds have different sensitivities to light, which is where the misconception originates.
The term is used because the International Organization for Standardization created film speed sensitivity standards that replaced ASA and DIN in 1974. Before ISO was used, there were many ways to measure film speed, and it was a step in the right direction to create a uniform standard. The term carried over to digital, although the actual parameters affected by ISO did not stay the same.
Put simply, with all else being equal, a higher ISO will produce a brighter image and a lower ISO will produce a darker image. Most ISO values follow a similar sequence to 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400. ISO 100 will produce the darkest results, and ISO 6400 will produce the brightest results .
The shorter exposure times mean that less actual signal was captured, and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio is lower, which is why the amplified noise is more present in the higher ISO versions.Generally, for the best image quality, you should keep your ISO as low as possible. The lowest ISO values will result in the least amount of amplification of your exposure, which means that unwanted signal won’t be amplified into visible noise.
If you feel like you have some room to use a slower shutter speed, you can do that and capture more light as long as it will freeze the motion. If that’s not enough, then you can increase the ISO. This photo was captured at ISO 2500 with a higher signal thanks to additional light added with a flash. An SNR of 1 suggests that there is an equal ratio between the signal and the noise, which is not desirable. An SNR greater than 1 means that the signal is greater than the noise, which is generally a good thing, and an SNR lower than 1 is the opposite. Although it can be calculated in photography, the calculations are irrelevant to this article.
Here is a photo captured at ISO 800, 3 stops below recommended exposure, and then boosted with +3.0 exposure in Lightroom:
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