Myanmar’s countryside is emptying and its cities bursting

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Myanmar’s countryside is emptying and its cities bursting
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Living conditions in the sprawling slum districts of cities are grim

moved from her village to Yangon, Myanmar’s biggest city, Ma Thet Thet Nwe was afraid. Her husband had just died and she needed to provide for five children. She found work at a garment factory in Hlaingthaya, an industrial zone, and saved enough money to buy a one-room, bamboo house in a nearby shantytown. Now she is pleased with her lot. Two of her daughters work in garment factories, while she cares for her other children and runs a roadside café.

The rapid influx of migrants has created sprawling slums around factories. A government survey in 2017 found 475,000 people squeezed into one neighbourhood of eight square kilometres. Most houses have one room and are made from bamboo, nipa-palm fronds and tarpaulin. Life in Hlaingthaya is precarious even for those with jobs and homes. Khin Thet spent 1.1m kyat on her house, but worries she will be evicted when a new railway line is built. Few receive benefits required by law, such as redundancy pay, because they work in the informal economy or their employers have failed to complete the relevant paperwork . Exploitation is a constant risk. Most migrants to the slum are single; over half are women. Pimps seek out workers dismissed from factories.

The working-age population are disproportionately likely to move. That is changing the culture of the villages, says Ko Win Zaw Oo, who works for a local. There are fewer people to perform communal tasks that used to fall to young adults, such as repairing roads and bridges and helping to organise Buddhist festivals. The quality of village councils, which do things like settle disputes and interact with the central government, is also suffering.

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