Researchers say skull found in a Transylvania cave is clear evidence of interpersonal violence among ancient Europeans.
Around 33,000 years ago, a man was bludgeoned to death in a cave in Romania, a team of scientists has said. After examining fractures on a fossilized skull dating to the Upper Paleolithic, the team say they have"indisputable hard evidence" of violence among Upper Paleolithic Europeans at this time, indicating murder was part of these ancient human's lives.
Since its discovery, researchers have studied the skull, which belonged to an adult male, extensively. Katerina Harvati, from Germany's Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, told:"He would have been a member of a hunter gatherer population, living under probably relatively harsh climatic conditions...He probably belonged to the Aurignacian culture, a stone tool industry associated with the earliest Upper Paleolithic modern humans across Europe.
Results showed there were two injuries that took place before or at the time of death. One fracture at the base of the skull, and another at the right side of the skull—the latter of which was inflicted with a bat-like object. Positioning indicates the fracture on the right of the skull was inflicted in a face-to-face confrontation, with the perpetrator striking the victim with the bat either in the left hand, or being held by both hands.
Concluding, researchers say the injuries sustained do not fit with post-mortem damage, a fall or accidental injury:"Rather, they were sustained from multiple blows to the head with a club-like instrument, or from a combination of a fall and a blow to the head," they wrote."The lack of any signs of healing associated with these fractures indicates that the Cioclovina individual did not survive these lesions. It is not clear whether the [fracture] alone could have caused his death.
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