From chromosomes to reproductive anatomy, science has dismantled many simplistic ideas about male, female and intersex traits in plants, animals and humans.
“How scientists have defined sex has changed over time,” says David Rubin, a historian of science and medicine and associate professor of Women’s and Gender Studies at the University of South Florida. “And different cultures have understood sex differently over time. The Byzantine culture believed there were three sexes, male, female, and eunuch, and other cultures have had multi-sex classification systems.
This lack of simplicity stems from the fact that sex is not a single trait, but rather a multidimensional and multilayered combination. “Prenatally, there are at least five layers of human physiological sex: chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal, internal morphogenic [internal reproductive anatomy], and external morphogenic [genitalia],” says Rubin. “Once you’re born, you add a whole bunch of additional layers.
Even among individuals with the same sex chromosomes, humans express tremendous variation. One gene with a large influence on human sexual development is
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