After a three-year shutdown, the Large Hadron Collider will smash particles together at the highest energies yet.
bottom quarks to decay into electrons
The particle beam has the power to damage detectors and machinery, so engineers will start cautiously, circulating only a minimum number of protons. This number will then increase over the course of the year, says Mike Lamont, who is director for accelerators and technology at CERN. Eventually, the energy of the tiny, particle-packed beam will be that of a train going at 150 kilometres per hour, “so we have to be very, very careful about this”, he says.
Physicists upgraded the LHC experiments’ detectors, in particular improving their electronics and computing system to deal with the greater collision intensity. In the CMS and ATLAS experiments, the LHC will collide bunches of around 100 billion protons at a rate of 40 million collisions per second. Each one will produce around 60 proton–proton smashes — each of which will generate hundreds of particles.
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