What breakthrough infections mean for the Covid-19 vaccines.
But as the pandemic lingers and more transmissible variants of the virus circulate widely, it's expected that the number of breakthrough infections will rise. Yet studies have shown that most cases in vaccinated people are mild — if a person develops symptoms at all — and research indicates that vaccines still provide strong protection, even against the known variants.
And because the vaccines work by giving the immune system a boost, it can more quickly recognize and attack any invading pathogens. That's because the vaccines act like screens to block most — but not necessarily all — virus particles from invading the body. Different factors influence the strength of the screen and how many tiny virus particles are able to make it through the barrier, said Dr. Sarah Fortune, an immunologist at Harvard's T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
"It may be that for the vast majority of vaccinated people who get infected, they just don't make enough virus to infect another person," said Dr. Janko Nikolich-Žugich, an immunologist and professor of medicine at the University of Arizona. Rasmussen said higher rates of hospitalization and death in older adults aren't surprising because older people are generally more vulnerable to serious illness from Covid-19.In Israel, where 80 percent of people 16 and older have been fully vaccinated, researchers studied 152 breakthrough cases in which patients were hospitalized and found that most involved people with underlying conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes and congestive heart failure.
"If we started to see ICUs filling up with people who are fully vaccinated, that would be an indication that the vaccines are no longer effective," she said.
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