The working-age population in China has been falling since 2012 and could decrease by nearly one quarter between now and 2050
home in his native Vietnam, Nhi Quang Ninh spends part of the year on farms and part of it down coal mines. Since last year, however, he has been finding more rewarding work in southern China. The polite 24-year-old waits for a permit at a visa office in Dongxing, a Chinese city with a beguiling old town that is separated from Vietnam by a shallow, narrow river. The job he has secured in a nearby brick factory pays about as well as his previous stints as a miner, but is a lot less dangerous.
Until recently China has tried to keep foreign blue-collar workers out of the country, preferring the affluent sort of foreigner who usually dwells in its richest cities. The guest-workers in Guangxi are a sign of reform. Demand for such people is driven mainly by two profound changes. One is massive internal migration that has hollowed out poorer parts of the country, such as Guangxi province where Dongxing is located. The other is the shrinking of China’s labour supply.
In 2013 China introduced a much-revamped immigration law. It was aimed not so much at allowing more foreigners to come in , but at clarifying the rules in order to make it harder for people to live and work in China illegally. It introduced stiffer penalties for businesses that hire foreigners without work permits and for those who help such people get jobs.
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